Welcome to Dr. Frederick Douglass Opie’s personal website We do no that most runaways across the Americas survived on a diet of foraged plants, berries, herbs, and small game like rabbits and squirrels, fish and oysters. Below is a simple African American Maryland recipe made from a foraged plant.
What food did Harriet Tubman eat?
During the Civil War, Tubman worked as a nurse and a spy, but supplemented her income by running an eating-house in Beaufort. There, she sold Union soldiers root beer, pie and ginger bread, which she baked during the night, after her day’s work.
What food did the slaves eat?
Weekly food rations — usually corn meal, lard, some meat, molasses, peas, greens, and flour — were distributed every Saturday. Vegetable patches or gardens, if permitted by the owner, supplied fresh produce to add to the rations. Morning meals were prepared and consumed at daybreak in the slaves’ cabins.
How many meals did slaves get a day?
In ordinary times we had two regular meals in a day: breakfast at twelve o’clock, after laboring from daylight, and supper when the work of the remainder of the day was over. In harvest season we had three.
Why did Harriet Tubman carry a chicken?
She once took the precaution of carrying two chickens with her. When she felt in danger because she recognized a former master, she released the chickens and chased them to recapture them. This amused the master, who never realized the ineffectual chicken chaser was, in fact, a cunning slave stealer.
What did Maryland slaves eat?
Almost everything was grown in hills, and sweet potatoes –often white or yellow–were a key starch in the diet of enslaved Marylanders after corn.
How many slaves did Harriet Tubman save?
Fact: According to Tubman’s own words, and extensive documentation on her rescue missions, we know that she rescued about 70 people —family and friends—during approximately 13 trips to Maryland.
What meat did slaves eat?
Faunal remains in excavations have confirmed that livestock such as pigs and cows were the principal components of slaves’ meat diets. Other sites show remnants of wild species such as opossum, raccoon, snapping turtle, deer, squirrel, duck, and rabbit.
What is considered soul food?
Typical Soul food Dinner Dishes include:
- Chicken, pork (Usually fried)
- Or Fried fish, or pork with chitins on top (pig intestines)
- Black-eyed peas, Candied yams, macaroni and cheese, stewed greens (cabbage, collard greens, kale, mustard greens, turnip greens)
- Cornbread; slices or a muffin.
- Red drink – red juice or punch.
How did soul food come about?
Soul food takes its origins mostly from Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama, a collection of states commonly referred to as the Deep South. During the Transatlantic Slave Trade, enslaved African people were given meager food rations that were low in quality and nutritional value.
What did the slaves do for fun?
During their limited leisure hours, particularly on Sundays and holidays, slaves engaged in singing and dancing. Though slaves used a variety of musical instruments, they also engaged in the practice of “patting juba” or the clapping of hands in a highly complex and rhythmic fashion. A couple dancing.
What did slaves do in the winter?
In his 1845 Narrative, Douglass wrote that slaves celebrated the winter holidays by engaging in activities such as ” playing ball, wrestling, running foot-races, fiddling, dancing, and drinking whiskey ” (p.
How long did slaves live?
As a result of this high infant and childhood death rate, the average life expectancy of a slave at birth was just 21 or 22 years, compared to 40 to 43 years for antebellum whites. Compared to whites, relatively few slaves lived into old age.
How did Harriet Tubman quiet babies?
Since slavers were out and about, seeking fugitive slaves between Wilmington and Philadelphia, Harriet knew she had to keep her runaways hidden from sight and sound. She carried opium with her to give to babies to keep them quiet.
What drugs did Harriet Tubman use?
To curb these problems, Tubman always carried paregoric, an opium tincture that could knock out tots for hours at a time. WORK THE NEWS CYCLE: Slave owners often ran newspaper ads to alert bounty hunters and law enforcement about substantial rewards for capturing runaway slaves.
Was Harriet Tubman a suffragette?
She was a strong supporter of women’s voting rights, giving speeches on women’s suffrage in New York, Boston, and Washington, D.C. Tubman shared her experiences of suffering in the war and railroad movement, in order to prove that women are equal to men.
Eating on the Underground Railroad — Food Blog
Our knowledge of the underground railroad derives from slave narratives, autobiographies, runaway reports that William Stills chronicled (see below), and stories that have appeared in newspapers. Examples include the heroic return of revolutionary Harriet Tubman to the southern border states of Maryland, Kentucky, and Virginia to guide enslaved people out of slavery (among other things). However, the exact number of times she performed this, as well as the number of persons she helped find freedom, is unknown.
The following is a straightforward African American Maryland dish that uses a foraged plant.
Cold water should be used to completely clean.
Drain and toss with melted butter, pepper, salt, and drawn butter while still hot (or hollandaise sauce).
Follow Fred’s lead: SiteTwitterFacebookInstagram
Recipes from John S. Mattox, Curator, Underground Railroad Museum : Education : Underground Railroad Museum : Lest We Forget
Our knowledge of the Underground Railroad derives from slave narratives, memoirs, fugitive reports that William Stills chronicled (see below), and stories that have appeared in newspapers. For example, we know that the revolutionary Harriet Tubman bravely returned to the southern Border States of Maryland, Kentucky, and Virginia, to mention a few, in order to bring enslaved people to liberty. Nonetheless, it is unclear how many times she performed this, or how many individuals she was able to release.
In the following recipe, you will find a basic African American Maryland cuisine that is cooked from foraged plants.
Use cold water to thoroughly clean.
Draw butter into a pan and heat it until it is melted.
New York World’s Fair Cook Book: The American Kitchen, Crosby Gaige & Co., New York, NY, USA (Garden City, New York DoubleDay, Doran and Company Inc., Country Life, First Edition, Press,1939) Stories and content that are related to this article include: There is an underground railroad system in the United States.
Inventories of William Stills, a conductor on the Underground Railroad Take Fred’s lead: SiteTwitterFacebookInstagram
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD MUSEUM
Flushing, Ohio is a city in the state of Ohio. UGRRF’s telephone number is (740) 968-2080, and their email address is [email protected].
RECIPES
At least in part because rice was farmed locally in South Carolina and because many of the slaves originated from a rice-growing region in Africa, rice was a particularly popular food item in the state. HoppingJohn is one of the more well-known and widely distributed of these recipes. Hopping John is a slang term that refers to a person who is hopping. A handful of cooked cowpeas (black-eyed peas) that have been soaked overnight are combined with one onion, parsley, and a laurel leaf to make this dish.
- Add two cupfuls of uncooked rice that has been thoroughly rinsed.
- A quarter pound of well-fried sausage, a slice of ham, and two slices of well-fried bacon, all chopped into bits and cooked, are then added.
- Cover tightly, taking care not to allow it to burm at the bottom.
- Tastes for foods such as yams, rice, and pea nuts were brought over from Africa and brought to this country without any interruption.
- The consumption of desserts after a full dinner is not frequent in African cuisine.
Rice Balls – Nigeria
2 cups of white rice that has been cooked 1 egg2 tablespoons coconut that has been freshly shredded 1/4 cup granulated sugar For frying, use a mixture of half coconut oil and half peanut oil. Place the rice in a large mixing basin and stir in the egg, coconut, and sugar. The rice mixture should be firm enough to shape into little balls when it is finished cooking. If the mixture is too loose, add a small amount of flour to help it hold together; if it is too firm, add a small amount of water to loosen it up.
- Meanwhile, heat the oil in a large saucepan until it reaches 375 degrees.
- Fry them for five minutes, rotating them halfway through to ensure that they are browned on all sides, until they are crispy.
- Because African ingredients were not always readily accessible, black southern cooksoften resorted to using the American counterpart that was readily available to them instead.
- Even though most people are familiar with the sweet potato in one form or another, African-American cooks employed it in a variety of ways.
Sweet Potato Biscuits
2 cups of sweet potatoes mashed up 1 tablespoon of melted butter 2 cups all-purpose flour1 tablespoon light brown sugar season with salt to taste 14 teaspoon ground cinnamon (optional) a pinch of nutmeg that has been freshly ground a quarter teaspoon of baking soda a third of a cup of buttermilk 1 tbsp. freshly squeezed lemon juice 375 degrees Fahrenheit and gently grease two baking sheets in preparation of the dish Mix the mashed sweet potatoes and butter with the dry ingredients in a large mixing dish.
To reach the desired consistency, you may need to add a little amount of more flour.
Make biscuits by rolling out the dough on a floured surface until it is approximately 1/2 inch thick and cutting them out with a biscuit cutter or a water glass. Bake the biscuits for fifteen to seventeen minutes, or until they are golden brown, on a baking sheet lined with parchment paper.
Hoe Cakes
Mix together 1 cup corn meal and 1/2 teaspoon salt in a large mixing bowl, then add enough boiling water to create a soft dough. Spread the dough out in a well oiled frying pan with a flat spoon or knife and cook until golden. Cook the opposite side of the cake while turning it. Serve while the food is still hot. Eat with black-eyed peas.Category:Education|Subcategory:Underground Railroad Museum|Tags:There are no tags defined for this pageRelated Topics / Keywords / Phrases:Ohio,Railroad,South Carolina, Underground Railroad MuseumCategory:Education|Subcategory:Underground Railroad Museum|Tags:There are no tags defined for this page
What food did Harriet Tubman eat? – JanetPanic.com
Mix together 1 cup corn meal and 1/2 teaspoon salt in a large mixing bowl, then add enough boiling water to create a soft dough. Spread the dough out in a well oiled frying pan with a flat spoon or knife and cook until golden. Cook the second side of the cake while turning it around. Make sure to serve while the food is still hot. This dish goes well with black-eyed peas.Category:Education|Subcategory:Underground Railroad Museum|Tags:There are no tags defined for this pageRelated Topics / Keywords / Phrases:Ohio,Railroad,South Carolina, Underground Railroad MuseumCategory:Education|Subcategory:Underground Railroad Museum|Tags:There are no tags defined for this page
What food did they eat during the Underground Railroad?
Slaves were typically fed cornmeal and pork as part of their daily meals.
What did slaves eat on the Underground Railroad?
Many runaways across the Americas survived on a diet of foraged plants, berries, herbs, and small animals such as rabbits and squirrels, as well as fish and oysters, which we do not know about. The following is a straightforward African American Maryland dish that uses a foraged plant. Make use of the pokeberry plant’s early shoots, which are around six to eight inches tall.
What did slaves eat when escaping?
People who were enslaved would have likely produced and consumed okra, maize, leafy greens, and sweet potatoes in a variety of situations, as well as kept pigs, chickens, and goats, some for sale, in a variety of contexts.
What was a typical breakfast in 1800?
Breakfast consisted of either bacon and eggs, cold roast beef or ham, or – especially if you were a lady – hot cocoa and a bun with butter, or tea and toast. Lunch consisted of either sandwiches or a salad.
How much did slaves get paid?
Wages varied depending on the period and location, but self-hire slaves may earn anywhere from $100 a year (for unskilled labor in the early nineteenth century) to as much as $500 a year (for skilled work in the Lower South in the late 1850s).
How much did slaves get paid a week?
Wages varied depending on the time period and location, but self-hire slaves may earn anywhere from $100 a year (for unskilled labor in the early nineteenth century) to as much as $500 a year in the late nineteenth century (for skilled work in the Lower South in the late 1850s).
How did slaves acquire their last names?
Following their emancipation, many former slaves changed their names and surnames to avoid being identified as such.
The majority of them did so either to adopt a surname for the first time or to replace a name or surname that had been provided to them by a previous employer. Three distinct former slaves talk about their names and the changes that occurred in their lives following Emancipation in this video.
Can slaves get married?
9 Slaves were barred from marrying because, while they were in a state of bondage, they lacked the legal ability to enter into any legally binding civil contracts, including marriage. The right of liberated slaves to marry was unassailable after they were granted emancipation and the ability to enter into contracts.
What challenges did enslaved families face?
The fear of family dissolution through the selling of property remained omnipresent. Enslaved individuals had to live with the constant danger of being separated from their families through the sale of one or more members of their families. Due to the fact that slaveowners’ income was mostly derived from the individuals they owned, they regularly sold and/or bought slaves as their financial situation demanded.
What did the slaves call their owners?
In the United States, the words “slave master” and “slave owner” refer to those who own slaves, and were common titles to use from the 17th through the 19th century, when slavery was an accepted part of American culture.
How slaves got their names?
Slaves in ancient Rome were given a single name by their master. A slave who has been emancipated may preserve his or her slave name and take the name of the former owner as a praenomen and nomen at the discretion of the court. Consider the following: “A man named Publius Larcius emancipated a male slave by the name of Nicia, who was subsequently known as Publius Larcius Nicia,” according to one historian.
What language did the slaves speak?
Africans in the English colonies spoke an Atlantic Creole that was based on English, which was commonly referred to as plantation creole. Low Country Africans spoke a creole that was based on English and was eventually named Gullah.
What race is geechee?
The Gullah Geechee people are descended from West and Central Africans who were enslaved and transported to the lower Atlantic states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, and Georgia to labor on coastal rice, Sea Island cotton, and indigo plantations throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Is Gullah still spoken?
Today. A total of 5,000 individuals live along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia who speak Gullah. The Gullah language, on the other hand, is still considered a creole language and is hence separate from Standard American English.
Where does Gullah speak?
English-based creole vernacular used largely by African Americans along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia (U.S.), who are also known as Gullahs or Geechees in their cultural identity. Gullah is a dialect of the English language (see also Sea Islands).
What is the Gullah religion?
In most cases, the Gullah people were under the protection of Baptist or Methodist churches. Evangelical Protestantism has drawn the attention of slaves in the Lowcountry since the 1700s, according to historians. Calvinist Methodists, Arminian Methodists, and Baptists are all examples of Evangelical Protestantism (which includes Arminians and Calvinists).
What made Gullah so special?
Churches affiliated with Baptist or Methodist denominations predominantly served the Gullah people.
Evangelical Protestantism has drawn the attention of slaves in the Lowcountry since the 1700s. Calvinist Methodists, Arminian Methodists, and Baptists are all examples of Evangelical Protestants (which includes Arminians and Calvinists).
Where do most Gullah live?
In most cases, the Gullah people were under the supervision of Baptist or Methodist congregations. Slaves in the Lowcountry have been drawn to “Evangelical Protestantism” since the 1700s. Calvinist Methodist, Arminian Methodist, and Baptist denominations are all examples of Evangelical Protestantism (which includes Arminians and Calvinists).
Where do the Gullah live today?
These African Americans dwell in the Lowcountry of South Carolina and Georgia, which encompasses both the coastal plain and the Beaufort Sea Islands. The Gullah are a people of African descent who originated in the Carolinas and Georgia.
What’s the difference between Gullah and Geechee?
Despite the fact that the islands off the coast of the southeastern United States are home to the same group of West Africans, the term Gullah has become the recognized name for the islanders of South Carolina, while the name Geechee has been the accepted name for the islanders of Georgia.
What is a Geechee in jail?
Geechie (and various other spellings, such as Geechy or Geechee) is an ethnocultural term that refers to the descendants of West African slaves who have retained their cultural and linguistic history in the United States’ Lowcountry, also known as the Gullah people and the Gullah language (also known as Geechie Gullah, or Gullah-Geechee). Geechie is pronounced as “gee-chee.”
Do white people speak geechee?
Although not exclusively spoken by African-Americans, geechee cadence can also be detected in the speech of whites who have lived in close proximity to African-Americans for the majority of their life.
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12 a.m.The Past and the Present
UFOs: The Lost Evidence – Season 1
Past and Present at 12 a.m.
UFOs: The Lost Evidence – Season 2
The tremendous technological advancements of humanity have fundamentally altered the way humans live. Is it possible that extraterrestrials were engaged in and supported these scientific breakthroughs? 2am UFOs with the Presidents: From Franklin D. Roosevelt through John F. Kennedy
UFOs: The Lost Evidence – Season 2
Investigators unearth the previously unknown history of the United States presidents, including their awareness of UFOs. Is it possible that they know more than we think, and what exactly are they hiding? 3am Abduction by Extraterrestrial Objects
UFOs: The Lost Evidence – Season 2
Since the initial reports of UFO encounters began to circulate, many have claimed they were kidnapped by extraterrestrials. Experts are now looking into the implants that were discovered in these potential victims. UFOs and Sacred Sites at 4 a.m.
UFOs: The Lost Evidence – Season 2
New evidence reveals that interaction with interstellar travelers thousands of years ago may have had an impact on a number of religious places. The relationship is being investigated by experts. 4:50am Files about UFOs compiled by the police
UFOs: The Lost Evidence – Season 2
Experts investigate rumored contacts between law enforcement and UFOs by listening to audio recordings, reading official transcripts, and reviewing incident reports. How did this all come to pass? 5:40am Grappa, electric vehicle charging stations, and other such things.
How It’s Made – Season 22
More ordinary goods are taken under the microscope as we learn how electric car charging stations are constructed and how grappa is created. Alfa Romeo Spider Quadrifoglio, 6 a.m., 1987
Wheeler Dealers – Season 14
Mike and Ant take on a 1987 Alfa Romeo Spider Quadrifoglio with a hardtop, which is a very unusual car at the time.
It is in need of major repairs, including a rebuild of the propshaft and other components. 7am Porsche 924 from 1977
Wheeler Dealers – Season 14
Mike takes on a Porsche 924, which happens to be the first car he has ever turned around in the series’ history. Will the cost of repairing oil leaks and replacing damaged interior be sufficient to generate a profit? 8am The Opel GT 1900 was introduced in 1969.
Wheeler Dealers – Season 14
With a 1969 Opel GT, Mike and Ant make their foray into the European sports car market. It has recently sustained body damage, as well as a problematic motor, bad brakes, and malfunctioning headlights.
The Underground Railroad book club food – daeandwrite
The Underground Railroad, written by Colson Whitehead, rushed through 2016 like a runaway train on its route to winning the National Book Award for Fiction for the year. One must read it in order to understand the construct, the magical reworking of a historical event, and the just gut-wrenching language; one must read it so that one can follow the discourse and stay up with the characters. It is a real railroad in Whitehead’s imagination that the underground railroad, which is estimated to have saved more than 30,000 individuals from slave-holding states, ever existed.
- The tube drew her in closer.
- And what about the tunnels beyond, where they went and how far they went?
- On the clearest of nights, the wide fields are bursting with hundreds of thousands of white bolls, which are strung together like stars in the sky.
- Even though it was a fantastic enterprise, from seed to bale, none of them could be proud of their accomplishments.
- They bled from within.
- She questioned whether or not people who had worked so hard to construct this structure had earned their just recompense.
- Who are you once you have completed something so magnificent—you have not only constructed it, but you have also traveled through it to the other side.
The world above must seem so little in comparison to the marvel beneath your feet, the miracle you created with your labor and blood.
While riding the rails, the reader encounters Cora, a young lady imprisoned in slavery on a Georgia plantation, an orphan who has been the victim of a violent rape.
When a fellow slave offers Cora the opportunity to go, she initially rejects, then hesitates, and finally decides to leave the plantation.
From there, they must flee to yet another location, and then another, until they reach a safe haven once again.
What a strange world we live in, Cora thought, when a living jail may be transformed into your sole shelter.
Freedom was a concept that changed depending on how you looked at it, similar to how a forest may appear dense with trees up close, but from the outside, from an empty meadow, you can see its actual boundaries.
Although she was not free on the property, she was able to walk freely throughout its acres, smelling the air and following the paths of the summer stars.
She was free of her master, but she slunk around in a warren that was so small she couldn’t stand up straight.
It is a courageous and essential work in its examination of the founding faults of the United States.” Although The Underground Railroad is the first novel by Colson Whitehead that I have encountered, according to Salon.com, he is “the recipient of the MacArthur (the so-called genius grant) and Guggenheim fellowships, Whitehead is the author of six previous novels, including “John Henry Days,” which was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, and the New York Times bestseller “Zone One,” which is a zombie tale set in New York City.
It appears like there is even more wonderful material out there waiting for me to discover it.
“The concept of ‘what if the underground railroad was truly genuine’ is one that many of us associate with elementary school.
There were a lot of options, and it prompted me to start thinking about all of this in a more active manner.” I recently heard a neighbor comment that “all that terrible thing is finished” when describing the book The Underground Railroad, which I found to be a beautiful but sometimes difficult read, particularly for people who may be more prepared to pretend that “all that horrible stuff is past.” The Underground Railroad, by Alfred North Whitehead, may be precisely the warning bell we need to keep on our toes at this particular moment.
- CORA’S FEAST DAYWhen Cora arrives to Valentine’s home in Indiana, there is a feast day that includes “hogs.
- Top Chef, the current season of which is being produced in Charleston, South Carolina, is one of my favorite shows to watch.
- I’ve placed an order for two of her publications (which are now back-ordered, most likely owing to the large number of people who saw the same show), but I did come on her recipe for Spicy Collard Greens on FoodandWine.com.
- An very amusing website called the Obsessive Compulsive Barbecue has provided the following recipe: In addition, a recipe for Southern Sweet Potato Pie is included from my grandmother’s cookbook.
- (Don’t microwave it, by the way; you won’t get the same texture that way.) Peel the potatoes and mash them.
- Preheat the oven to 425 degrees.
- Mix in 4 eggs, one at a time, until everything is well-combined.
- In a pie crust (my grandma usually used Pet-Ritz), pour in the filling and bake for 10 minutes at 350°F.
- When completely cool, sift with confectioners’ sugar and serve with bourbon-whipped cream.
- I’ve previously highlighted the American Spiritual Ensemble, which is conducted by Dr.
Read Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad for more information. Please keep in mind the lessons learned as well as the beauty, strength, and tragedy of this place.
Why the From Slavery to Freedom Garden is More Than Just Vegetables
On its route to winning the National Book Award for Fiction, Colson Whitehead’s TheUnderground Railroad blasted through 2016 like a runaway train. One must read it in order to understand the construct, the magical reworking of a historical event, and the just gut-wrenching language; one must read it so that one can follow the discussion and stay up with the plot. It is a real railroad in Whitehead’s imagination that the underground railroad, which is estimated to have saved more than 30,000 individuals from slave-holding states, was based on.
- She felt a tug from the tunnel.
- Furthermore, where and how far did the tunnels go after that?
- On the clearest of clear nights, the wide fields are bursting with hundreds of thousands of white bolls, which are strung together like stars in the sky.
- Everything from seed to bale went off flawlessly, yet none of them could be proud of their accomplishments.
- They were bleeding.
- Whether or not the people who had worked so hard to construct this structure had received their just compensation was something she questioned.
- As soon as you accomplish something this magnificent—and you have also traveled through it, to the other side—you are no longer who you were before you started it.
The world above must seem so commonplace in comparison to the marvel below, the miracle you worked so hard to create with your sweat and blood to make possible.
During his journey through time, the reader will come across the young lady known only as Cora.
When a fellow slave offers Cora the opportunity to go, she initially denies, then hesitates, and finally agrees to leave her master’s estate.
From there, they must flee to yet another location, and then another.
That is the kind of society we live in, Cora thought, where a living jail can be transformed into your sole safe haven!
A item that changed depending on how you looked at it, like a forest that appears densely packed with trees up close but becomes clearer when viewed from the outside, from an open meadow.
Although she was not free on the property, she was able to walk freely throughout its acres, smelling the air and following the paths of the summer constellations, which she recorded.
She was free of her master’s control, but she slunk about a warren that was so small she couldn’t stand up straight in it.
It is a courageous and essential work in that it examines the founding faults of the United States.
” It appears like there is even more amazing things out there waiting for me to discover it and take advantage of it.
“The concept of ‘what if the subterranean railroad was truly real?’ is one we can recall from primary school in many respects.” That does seem a little fantastical and childlike, but it is true.
The Underground Railroad, by Alfred North Whitehead, may be precisely the alarm clock we need to keep us on our toes at this particular moment in history.
cut on the long pine table and smothered dipney sauce.” collard greens with smoked paprika and turnips, and sweet potato pie.” Watching Top Chef, which is now being produced in Charleston, S.C., is one of my favorite television shows.
I’ve placed an order for two of her publications (which are now back-ordered, most likely owing to the large number of people who saw the same show), but I did come across her recipe for Spicy Collard Greens on FoodandWine.com, which I thought was interesting.
An really amusing website called the Obsessive Compulsive Barbecue has provided us with the following recipe for you: Then there’s a recipe for Southern Sweet Potato Pie, which comes from my grandmother’s cookbook.
The texture will not be the same if you microwave it, so avoid doing so.
2 cups of mashed sweet potatoes are required.
To make the mashed potatoes, cream 1 cup butter with 1 1/2 cups sugar until light and fluffy.
1 teaspoon cinnamon, 1/2 cup bourbon, the grated rind and juice of 1/2 orange, and 1 teaspoon orange bitters are all added together.
Cook at 350 degrees for another 45 minutes, or until the filling is set (it should not jiggle) and the crust is golden brown on the bottom.
You can also serve it with some bourbon-whipped cream.
In the past, I’ve highlighted the American Spiritual Ensemble, which is conducted by Dr.
Everett McCorvey, who is a professor at the University of Kentucky. Their music would surely stand up to a discussion about the Underground Railroad. Read Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad. You should remember not just its beauty and force but also its tragedies from this experience.
THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD – ESCAPE TO FREEDOM
The right to be free is something that most people take for granted. As we get out of bed in the morning and head to wherever we want or need to go, there are millions of individuals across the world who are unable to do so. Many of them are figuratively slaves, working long, torturous hours in horrific conditions, being beaten into submission, and receiving no remuneration for their efforts. In America, slavery was regarded ‘legal’ from 1619, when the country was still a collection of English colonies, until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified in 1865, when the country became a nation.
- By the first decades of the nineteenth century, the vast majority of slaveholders and slaves were concentrated in the southern states of the United States.
- It was physically back-breaking – and at times soul-destroying – labor, and many slaves would go to any length to break free from their chains of servitude if they had the opportunity.
- Furthermore, slavery had already been abolished in the majority of Northern states, establishing them as ‘free’ states.
- The Missouri Compromise was ratified by the Senate in 1821 and was signed by the President in 1822.
- Many slaves who were not free attempted to flee, including those who were enslaved.
- Abolitionists and allies helped over 100,000 slaves successfully escape to freedom in states such as the United States and Canada.
- Tice Davids, a fugitive slave, is said to have escaped from his owner in Kentucky in 1831, according to legend.
- However, his owner could not locate Tice, who had arrived at the Ohio coast just a few minutes before him.
- Rush Sloane, an abolitionist from Ohio, stated that this was the event that resulted in the name of the Underground Railroad.
- The Underground Railroad, on the other hand, was unquestionably real, and it was at its busiest between 1850 and 1860, when more than 30,000 slaves managed to escape during that decade.
The 1850 Act was dubbed ‘The Bloodhound Law’ by abolitionists in honor of the hounds that were employed to track down and capture escaping slaves.
Following the Civil War, certain slaves, primarily in the Northern states, were either released or offered the opportunity to purchase their freedom before Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1865. In addition, slavery had already been abolished in the majority of Northern states, establishing them as ‘free’ states. Initially, the Missouri Compromise, an agreement reached in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, which dealt primarily with the regulation of slavery in the Western Territories, was responsible for a significant portion of this organized division between the States.
- Many slaves who were not free attempted to flee, including those who were enslaved by the British.
- Abolitionists and allies helped over 100,000 slaves successfully escape to freedom in states such as the United States and Canada.
- Tice Davids, a fugitive slave, is said to have escaped from his owner in Kentucky in 1831, according to local legend.
- Despite the fact that Tice arrived at the Ohio beach just a few minutes before his owner, the latter was unable to locate him.
- An Ohio abolitionist named Rush Sloane stated that this was the catalyst for the Underground Railroad’s name to be established.
- The Underground Railroad, on the other hand, was unquestionably real, and it was at its busiest between 1850 and 1860, when more than 30,000 slaves were able to escape during that decade.
In honor of the hounds that were employed to track down fugitive slaves, abolitionists dubbed the 1850 Act “The Bloodhound Law.” Those apprehended and brought before a special magistrate known as a commissioner under the rules of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 were denied the right to a jury trial and were prohibited from testifying on their own behalf.
Because there were no laws against slavery in the United States, the Subterranean Railroad thrived.
It was figuratively “underground” in the sense of being a resistance movement operating underground.
Small, autonomous groups of people were frequently formed; this helped to preserve secret since individuals were familiar with some of the connecting’stations’ or ‘depots’ along the route, but were unfamiliar with the specifics of their immediate surroundings.
The stations were made up of homes, churches, barns, shops, and shacks, and the routes were often purposely indirect in order to confuse pursuers.”
The Black conductors would occasionally pose as a slave in order to gain entry onto a plantation. The conductor would steer the runaways to the north when they had penetrated the property. Slaves would travel to and from each station at night, covering around 10–20 miles on foot or in a false-bottom wagon, with some traveling by boat or train. In ancient times, the Big Dipper (whose “bowl” points to the North Star) was known as the Drinkin’ Gourd, and it was used to direct slaves through the night sky.
| Hidden Room in the Bedroom of an Underground Railroad Station |
A message was sent from one station to another while the runaways were taking a break, informing the station master that they were on their way to the next. The communications were frequently encoded in such a way that they could only be deciphered by individuals who were involved in the railroad industry. If, for example, you receive the message “I have dispatched via at two o’clock four huge hams and two little hams,” it means that you have four people and two children who have been sent from Harrisburg to Philadelphia on the 2 p.m.
- Additionally, there is a suggestion that quilts were used to notify and steer slaves to safe havens and help.
- As a kind of nonverbal communication, the quilts were put one at a time on fences or window ledges in order to notify escape slaves.
- Some quilt experts, however, are skeptical about this hypothesis.
- Scholars, on the other hand, have challenged this view, arguing that while the songs may have represented desire for freedom from the slaves’ miseries, they did not provide literal assistance to runaway slaves.
- Whether the contested assertions are genuine or not, they have gone to their graves with the fugitive slaves and abolitionists who were executed for their crimes.
- The slaves were apprehended using whatever means necessary, and prizes were placed on their heads since, in the eyes of the slave masters, they had lost their property – property that generated income for the slave masters and their families.
There were a large number of persons who assisted the slaves in their quest for freedom. For example, JERMAIN LOGUEN, an escapee and son of his Tennessee slave master and a slave woman, who assisted 1,500 escapees and established Black schools in New York State, was one of the most renowned of them.
Allan Pinkerton, a Scottish immigrant who supervised an underground depot at his cooper’s shop near Chicago before launching his now-famous Pinkerton security agency; JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER, a Quaker poet who provided a forceful voice to the abolition cause; JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER JOSIAH HENSON, a Black slave overseer who later became an escaped slave who fled to Canada and assisted other slaves in evading capture; The Underground Railroad was founded by THOMAS GARRETT, a Wilmington, Delaware businessman who assisted more than 2,700 slaves in their journey to freedom; and MARYANNSHADD, the daughter of a Black agent in the Wilmington, Delaware Underground Railroad Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison, one of the earliest and most passionate, who dedicated his life to speaking out against slavery; Jonathan Walker, who was imprisoned for aiding seven slaves in sailing from Florida to the Bahamas, and who was branded on the hand with the initials SS for “Slave Stealer;” and others who were imprisoned for their actions.
In addition to his involvement in the Underground Railroad in Indiana and Ohio, Levi Coffin was a Quaker, an abolitionist, and a successful businessman whose mansion in Indiana was commonly referred to as the “Grand Central Station of the Underground Railroad.” Because of the more than 3,000 slaves who are claimed to have gone under his care while attempting to flee their owners, he was given the label “President of the Underground Railroad.” JOHN FAIRFIELD was born into a slave-holding family in Virginia, but he grew dissatisfied with his family’s way of life as he grew older.
When he was twenty years old, he assisted a boyhood buddy in escaping from his uncle’s farm, which led to his being transported to Ohio.
His print business in Rochester, New York, served as a depot for the Underground Railroad; and HARRIET TUBMAN, herself a runaway slave, who made 19 journeys into the South and guided more than 300 slaves to freedom during the Civil War.
Pauline Hopkins, a well-known Black author who lived around the turn of the century, paid tribute to Tubman in the following words: “Harriet Tubman, despite the fact that she was one of the world’s poorest people, possessed a level of heroism in her character that was rarely seen in people of any social standing.
Who knows what Black History might have looked like today if it hadn’t been for these individuals.
Here’s a quick and easy recipe for Honey Cornbread Muffins that’s also tasty.
Muffins with Honey and CornbreadBy PatGina Neely, of Down Home with the Neelys on the Food NetworkIngredients:
- Each and every one of these abolitionists, known and unknown, free and chained, never took the concept of ‘freedom’ for granted. Who knows what Black History might have looked like today if it hadn’t been for these individuals. Roasted sweet and white potatoes, jerked meat, fruit, and cornmeal were some of the staples of the fugitive slaves’ trip meals. This recipe for Honey Cornbread Muffins is easy and tasty. Enjoy! Muffins with Honey and CornbreadBy PatGina Neely, of Down Home with the Neelys on the Food NetworkIngredients: honey and cornbread
The following special equipment is required: paper muffin cups and a 12-cup muffin pan Cooking Instructions: Preheat the oven to 400 degrees F. Mix the cornmeal, flour, baking powder, sugar, and salt together in a large mixing basin. In a separate dish, mix together the whole milk, eggs, butter, and honey until well combined. Stir the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients until they are barely combined. In a 12-cup muffin tray, line the cups with muffin paper liners. Divide the cornbread mixture between the sheets in an even layer.
RESOURCES: Wikipedia, National Geographic, The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, OhioHistory Central, Fold 3, Underground Railroad Experience, Google, Bing, Food Network, The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center A Quaker educator who advocated for temperance, women’s rights, and abolition before going on to become a leader in the struggle for women’s suffrage;
The Underground Railroad
| The Underground Railroad, a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to the North and to Canada, was not run by any single organization or person. Rather, it consisted of many individuals – many whites but predominently black – who knew only of the local efforts to aid fugitives and not of the overall operation. Still, it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year – according to one estimate,the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850. An organized system to assist runaway slaves seems to have begun towards the end of the 18th century. In 1786 George Washington complained about how one of his runaway slaves was helped by a “society of Quakers, formed for such purposes.” The system grew, and around 1831 it was dubbed “The Underground Railroad,” after the then emerging steam railroads. The system even used terms used in railroading: the homes and businesses where fugitives would rest and eat were called “stations” and “depots” and were run by “stationmasters,” those who contributed money or goods were “stockholders,” and the “conductor” was responsible for moving fugitives from one station to the next.For the slave, running away to the North was anything but easy. The first step was to escape from the slaveholder. For many slaves, this meant relying on his or her own resources. Sometimes a “conductor,” posing as a slave, would enter a plantation and then guide the runaways northward. The fugitives would move at night. They would generally travel between 10 and 20 miles to the next station, where they would rest and eat, hiding in barns and other out-of-the-way places. While they waited, a message would be sent to the next station to alert its stationmaster.The fugitives would also travel by train and boat – conveyances that sometimes had to be paid for. Money was also needed to improve the appearance of the runaways – a black man, woman, or child in tattered clothes would invariably attract suspicious eyes. This money was donated by individuals and also raised by various groups, including vigilance committees.Vigilance committees sprang up in the larger towns and cities of the North, most prominently in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. In addition to soliciting money, the organizations provided food, lodging and money, and helped the fugitives settle into a community by helping them find jobs and providing letters of recommendation.The Underground Railroad had many notable participants, including John Fairfield in Ohio, the son of a slaveholding family, who made many daring rescues, Levi Coffin, a Quaker who assisted more than 3,000 slaves, and Harriet Tubman, who made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom. |
Who Cooked on the Slave Ships?
Muffin pan with a 12-cup capacity and paper muffin cups are required. To begin, heat the oven to 400 degrees F (200 degrees C). Pour all of the ingredients into a large mixing basin and combine thoroughly. Pour the entire milk into a separate mixing bowl and whisk in the eggs, butter, and honey until thoroughly combined. Combine the wet and dry ingredients in a small bowl, stirring until everything is just blended. Fill a 12-cup muffin tray halfway with muffin paper liners. Distribute the cornbread mixture among the sheets in a uniform fashion.
SOURCES: Wikipedia, National Geographic, The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, OhioHistory Central, Fold 3, Underground Railroad Experience, Google, Bing, Food Network, The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center A Quaker educator who advocated for temperance, women’s rights, and abolition before going on to become a leader in the campaign for women’s suffrage; SUSAN B.
Pathways to Freedom
Kids History: Underground Railroad
Civil War is a historical event that occurred in the United States. During the American Civil War, the phrase “Underground Railroad” was used to describe a network of persons, residences, and hiding places that slaves in the southern United States used to flee to freedom in the northern United States and Canada. Is it possible that there was a railroad? The Underground Railroad wasn’t truly a railroad in the traditional sense. It was the moniker given to the method by which individuals managed to flee.
- Conductors and stations are two types of conductors.
- Conductors were those who were in charge of escorting slaves along the path.
- Even those who volunteered their time and resources by donating money and food were referred to as shareholders.
- Who was employed by the railroad?
- Some of the Underground Railroad’s conductors were former slaves, such as Harriet Tubman, who escaped slavery by way of the Underground Railroad and subsequently returned to assist other slaves in their escape.
- They frequently offered safe havens in their houses, as well as food and other supplies to those in need.
- B.
What mode of transportation did the people use if there was no railroad?
Slaves would frequently go on foot during the night.
The distance between stations was generally between 10 and 20 miles.
Was it a potentially hazardous situation?
There were those trying to help slaves escape, as well as those who were attempting to aid them.
In what time period did the Underground Railroad operate?
It reached its zenith in the 1850s, just before the American Civil War.
How many people were able to flee?
Over 100,000 slaves are said to have fled over the railroad’s history, with 30,000 escaping during the peak years before the Civil War, according to some estimates.
This resulted in a rule requiring that fugitive slaves who were discovered in free states be returned to their masters in the south.
Slaves were now had to be carried all the way to Canada in order to avoid being kidnapped once more by the British.
The abolitionist movement began with the Quakers in the 17th century, who believed that slavery was incompatible with Christian principles.
Ducksters’ Lewis Hayden House is located in the town of Lewis Hayden. The Lewis Hayden House functioned as a station on the Underground Railroad during the American Civil War. Information on the Underground Railroad that is both interesting and educational
- Slave proprietors wished to be free. Harriet Tubman, a well-known train conductor, was apprehended and imprisoned. They offered a $40,000 reward for information leading to her capture. That was a significant amount of money at the time
- Levi Coffin, a Quaker who is claimed to have assisted around 3,000 slaves in gaining their freedom, was a hero of the Underground Railroad. The most usual path for individuals to escape was up north into the northern United States or Canada, although some slaves in the deep south made their way to Mexico or Florida
- Canada was known to slaves as the “Promised Land” because of its promise of freedom. The Mississippi River was originally known as the “River Jordan” in the Bible
- Fleeing slaves were sometimes referred to as passengers or freight on railroads, in accordance with railroad nomenclature
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